Faced with some tough money management choices amid the COVID-19 outbreak? Read this to sail through this phase with ease. 

Tough Choice #1: Should I Continue My Mutual Funds Or Move My Life Savings To The Bank?

The answer depends on whether you prefer lower risk with lower returns, or can bear higher risk for higher returns.

Bank fixed deposits or high-yield savings accounts carry very low risk as no one has lost their deposits with a commercial bank in decades. These currently return 4-6% per annum across different large banks for the average saver who is not a senior citizen. However, interest income from fixed deposits is fully taxable as per your marginal slab rate. If your tax slab is 30%, your FD returns will be taxed to that extent, unless you’re a senior citizen eligible for certain income tax benefits on this front. Effectively, for a non-senior citizen, a 6% FD will return 4.2% after income tax and that is your effective post-tax return (refer to Table 2).

If you can bear a little more risk for higher income and lower income tax liability, you can consider liquid mutual funds. Liquid mutual funds invest in high-quality debt and money market securities that mature in 90 days or less and hence considered low-risk. Over the last one year, the liquid fund returns were 5-6%. They had been higher in prior periods, but this answer will consider the last one-year returns. The returns are similar to fixed deposits and high yield savings accounts returns. Liquid funds return approximately 1.3% higher per annum post tax than fixed deposits and high-yielding savings accounts because of their higher tax efficiency when held for at least three years (refer to Table 2).

However, all debt-based mutual funds carry a certain degree of risk. Of course, you can make higher returns than in liquid mutual funds by assuming higher risk with ultra-short-term debt mutual fund, short-term debt mutual fund, and other debt mutual funds.

KNOW YOUR LIQUIDATION COSTS & TAX LIABILITIES

Due to the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic, you may be evaluating switching from one instrument to another. For example, you may want to liquidate your debt funds and park the money in bank deposits. In such a situation, be aware of liquidation costs and applicable taxes, and we hope to help you understand this tough choice.

For example, to liquidate your mutual fund units bought in the last 12 months, you might, for example, have to pay an exit load of 1%, for which you need to check your particular scheme documents. Similarly, to prematurely liquidate a bank FD, you may have to take a 1% hit on your interest rate.

While liquidation costs are easy to calculate, your taxes may not be. You must consider the holding period of the asset you’re liquidating to ascertain if it’s a short-term asset or a long-term one. Then, calculate the applicable taxes due to the taxman. You may find, for instance, that liquidating your debt mutual fund units held for under three years attract higher taxes than those held for more than three years.

You should take time to calculate basis your particular situation including your asset type and tax bracket. Table 1 shows that if you liquidate your liquid mutual fund investment returning 6% a year in two years and move the post-tax proceeds to an FD returning 6% for one year, you will earn approximately 3.9% less on your capital over the full three years. That means you are earning 1.3% less per annum by switching, in this example from a liquid mutual fund to a fixed deposit even without any exit load. However, with a bank deposit you might get peace of mind about capital protection with lower return, which might be the right choice for you. This is your tough choice to make.

Table 1: Liquid Mutual Fund With 6% Returns Over 3 Years *

Start Of	Capital	Returns
2014	INR 100,000	INR 6,000
2015	INR 106,000	INR 6,360
2016	INR 112,360	INR 6,742
2017	Liquidation Value	INR 119,102
Asset Classification		Long Term **
CII Values for 2014 and 2017		240 & 272
Indexed Purchase Value of Asset		INR 113,333
Long Term Capital Gains		INR 5,768
Tax On Gains @20.60%		INR 1,188
Actual Gains		INR 17,914
Post-Tax 3-Year LM Investment		INR 117,914

If Liquid Mutual Fund Liquidated In 2 Years

Start Of	Capital	Returns
2014	INR 100,000	INR 6,000
2015	INR 106,000	INR 6,360
2016	Liquidation Value	INR 112,360
Asset Classification		Short Term **
Short Term Capital Gains		INR 12,360
Tax On Gains At Slab Rate Of 30%		INR 3,708
Post-Tax 2-Year LM Investment		INR 108,652

Liquid Mutual Fund Proceeds Reinvested In 6% FD For 1 Year

Principal Invested	INR 108,652
6% Interest	INR 6,519
30% Tax On Interest	INR 1,956
Post-Tax Interest	INR 4,563
FD Value After 1 Year	INR 113,215
Value Of 3-Year Liquid MF Investment	INR 117,914
Loss Due To Shift From Liquid MF To FD	INR 4,698
Loss As %age Of 3-Year LM Investment in 3 year	3.98%

* Liquid mutual fund returns are never guaranteed; 6% is used for illustrative purposes only. ** Debt mutual fund units held for three years or longer become long-term assets; those that aren’t remain short-term assets.

WITH EQUITY, THINK LONG TERM

However, with a higher risk appetite and a long-term horizon, you could retain or shift your savings to equity index mutual fund investments. If you’re prepared to wait for five years from now, you can invest in equity index mutual funds because over the long-term, these have always outperformed post-tax returns from fixed deposits. The key is time.

If you need money in a year or two, you should not be invested in equity mutual funds to start with and should immediately move to a liquid mutual fund or a bank fixed deposit or high yield savings account to protect your life savings and minimize risk. However, if your investment horizon is longer than five years, you might be better off in an index mutual funds versus a fixed deposit. As always you should ponder and make the right choice basis your circumstances.

Tough Choice #2: Choosing Between Continuing My SIP Or Paying My Loan EMIs During Moratorium?

Answer: This is straightforward. If your income is strained to a level where you have to pick between paying your EMIs and continuing your SIPs, pay your EMIs. Even though you have the option of delaying your EMIs with the RBI-mandated moratorium of six months, you should prioritize paying your EMI dues.

INVESTING IS OPTIONAL BUT EMI IS AN OBLIGATION

 Investments, while critical to your long-term wealth-creation efforts, often tend to be optional. They can be paused or cancelled. On the other hand, repaying your loan is an obligation that must be mandatorily met.

ONE MISSED EMI MEANS PAYING SEVERAL MORE EMIS

 You should avoid using the moratorium while you have the income to pay your EMIs. This is because even one missed EMIs could potentially lead to several more EMIs during the tenure of your loan. For example, if you deferred the first five EMIs of a 20-year home loan, you’ll end up paying 30 more EMIs. Hence, using the moratorium while you can pay your EMIs, is a costly option. This is detailed in Table 3.

YOU CAN PAUSE SIPS IN ORDER TO PAY YOUR LOAN EMI

 Remember that you only need to pause your SIPs which does not require you to liquidate your mutual fund units. Once you have income stability, resume investing again. Hence this is straight forward, if your income is strained to a level where you have to pick between your paying your EMIs even during moratorium or continuing your SIPs, pay your EMIs.

SHOULD YOU LIQUIDATE SAVINGS TO PAY EMIS, EVEN DURING MORATORIUM?

This is a tough choice and the answer might be yes. Consider that the lowest risk instrument for a retail customer is a bank fixed deposit or high-yield savings accounts, followed by a liquid mutual fund. The category returns for one-year (forward-looking) fixed deposits today are 4-6% depending on which large bank you choose, and the one-year (backward-looking) liquid mutual funds returns are also 5-6%. Hence, your post-tax returns on low-risk instruments are 4.20% on the fixed deposit and 5.64% on the liquid mutual fund in the example in Table 2. However, your interest rate on your home loan is closer to 8% per annum and your personal loan is 10%+ and credit card debt is 30%+.

Now consider the liquidation cost of breaking your investments and, as always, calculate this basis your specific circumstance. But for this example, let’s assume you are breaking a fixed deposit and thereby paying a -1% penalty on the breakage which is an effective loss of principle. Despite the liquidation cost, you may be better off liquidating that deposit earning 4.2% and additionally incurring -1% penalty, and paying off your home loan accumulating interest at 8%. Therefore, it may be in your long-term interest to liquidate your savings to pay your EMIs, even during the moratorium.

Table 2: Post-Tax Returns On Fixed Deposit & Liquid Fund Over 3 Years

6% FD Over 3 Years							Liquid Funds With 6% Returns Over 3 Years*
Start Of	Principal	Returns		Taxes Paid (@30%)		Actual Return	Start Of	Principal	Returns
2014	INR 100,000	INR 6,000		INR 1,800		INR 4,200	2014	INR 100,000	INR 6,000
2015	INR 104,200	INR 6,252		INR 1,876		INR 4,376	2015	INR 106,000	INR 6,360
2016	INR 108,576	INR 6,515		INR 1,954		INR 4,560	2016	INR 112,360	INR 6,742
2017	Maturity Amount			INR 113,137			2017	Liquidation Value	INR 119,102
Total Taxes Paid				INR 5,630			Asset Classification		Long Term**
Total Post-Tax Interest Earned				INR 13,137			CII Values for 2014 and 2017		240 & 272
What You Gained:			FD		LF		Indexed Purchase Value of Asset		INR 113,333
Invested			INR 100,000		INR 100,000		Long Term Capital Gains		INR 5,768
Gains			INR 13,137		INR 17,914		Tax On LTCG @20.60% ***		INR 1,188
Taxes			INR 5,630		INR 1,188		Actual Gains		INR 17,914
Effectual Post Tax Interest Rate Per Annum			4.20%		5.64%

* – assumed returns. ** – debt mutual fund with holding period of 3+ years is a long-term asset. *** LTCG from debt funds taxed at 20.60% with indexation benefits

Tough Choice #3: If I Have To Choose Between Paying An Insurance Premium Or Paying My Loan EMIs During The Moratorium Period?

Although both loan repayments and insurance premiums are extremely important financial commitments in their own ways, if you were to choose between the two, assuming you’re going through a cash crunch and for the period of the moratorium, you should prioritise insurance premium payments after carefully considering the financial implications of opting for a loan moratorium.

The Covid-19 crisis has tremendously heightened various uncertainties. Adequate life and health insurance coverage is one of the few effective ways to safeguard one’s family’s finances against adverse possibilities such as hospitalisation or death. Your insurance plans lapsing would put your family’s finances at great risk. The Reserve Bank of India has recently extended loan moratoriums for three more months ending August 31, 2020.

BOUNCE BACK FROM THE ADDITIONAL DEBT

 After taking the moratorium, you’re going to accumulate additional interest which makes it more challenging for you to repay your loan. For example, on a loan of Rs. 50 lakh at an interest rate of 8.50% and a tenure of 20 years, your EMI is Rs. 43,391. Assume you had to defer your first five EMIs through the moratorium. This will increase your projected interest from Rs. 54.13 lakh to Rs. 64.82 lakh, and also increase your loan tenure from 240 months to 270 months. Therefore, it is in your interest to proactively reduce the additional debt you’ve created. The way to do this would be to pre-pay a little more than the amount you had to defer. In the above example, if you had deferred five EMIs totalling Rs. 2.17 lakh, you could simply pre-pay 120% of this amount within 12 months of the last deferred EMI. This would erase the additional debt.

Loan of Rs. 50 lakh at 8.50% for 20 years

 EMIs: 240                              Total Interest: INR 5,413,879                                                    EMI: INR 43,391

If You Take the Moratorium From April To August							Your Bounce-Back Plan
5 Deferred EMIs	Interest For Deferred EMIs	Option 1: Loan Extension In Months, Same EMI			Option 2: Increase In EMIs, Same Tenure		Pre-Pay Your 5 Deferred EMIs (Rs. 216,955) 12 Months After Last Deferred EMI
		New Tenure In Month	New Total Interest	Additional Interest	New EMI	Increase	With EMI #	New Tenure In Months	Total Interest	Interest Saved
1 to 5	INR 176,514	270	INR 6,482,370	INR 1,068,491	INR 45,316	INR 1,925	18	243	INR 5,531,614	INR 950,756
13 to 17	INR 172,939	267	INR 6,367,314	INR 953,435	INR 45,357	INR 1,966	30	243	INR 5,521,974	INR 845,339
61 to 65	INR 158,285	259	INR 6,007,587	INR 593,708	INR 45,589	INR 2,198	78	242	INR 5,490,717	INR 516,870
121 to 125	INR 122,620	252	INR 5,715,451	INR 301,572	INR 46,195	INR 2,804	138	242	INR 5,464,082	INR 251,369
181 to 185	INR 75,973	248	INR 5,531,471	INR 117,592	INR 48,236	INR 4,845	198	241	INR 5,446,718	INR 84,753

Disclaimer: The illustrations and advice are for financial education only. The figures used in the tables are illustrative and liable to periodic changes. Income tax rates depend on one’s income, sources of income, capital gains, and age. The examples used in this document may not apply to your situation. When in doubt, take control of your finances and calculate for yourself or consult a qualified tax or investment advisor if need be.

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